Basics of Algorithmic Trading: Concepts and Examples

 

By SHOBHIT SETH

 Updated Mar 7, 2020 Published in Investopedia-Used here for Educational purposes only as this blog is non-commercial.

Algorithmic trading (also called automated trading, black-box trading, or algo-trading) uses a computer program that follows a defined set of instructions (an algorithm) to place a trade. The trade, in theory, can generate profits at a speed and frequency that is impossible for a human trader.

The defined sets of instructions are based on timing, price, quantity, or any mathematical model. Apart from profit opportunities for the trader, algo-trading renders markets more liquid and trading more systematic by ruling out the impact of human emotions on trading activities. 

Algorithmic Trading in Practice

Suppose a trader follows these simple trade criteria:

• Buy 50 shares of a stock when its 50-day moving average goes above the 200-day moving average. (A moving average is an average of past data points that smooths out day-to-day price fluctuations and thereby identifies trends.)  
• Sell shares of the stock when its 50-day moving average goes below the 200-day moving average.

Using these two simple instructions, a computer program will automatically monitor the stock price (and the moving average indicators) and place the buy and sell orders when the defined conditions are met. The trader no longer needs to monitor live prices and graphs or put in the orders manually. The algorithmic trading system does this automatically by correctly identifying the trading opportunity. 

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Basics Of Algorithmic Trading

Benefits of Algorithmic Trading

Algo-trading provides the following benefits:

• Trades are executed at the best possible prices.
• Trade order placement is instant and accurate (there is a high chance of execution at the desired levels).
• Trades are timed correctly and instantly to avoid significant price changes.
• Reduced transaction costs.
• Simultaneous automated checks on multiple market conditions.
• Reduced risk of manual errors when placing trades.
• Algo-trading can be backtested using available historical and real-time data to see if it is a viable trading strategy.
• Reduced the possibility of mistakes by human traders based on emotional and psychological factors.

Most algo-trading today is high-frequency trading (HFT), which attempts to capitalize on placing a large number of orders at rapid speeds across multiple markets and multiple decision parameters based on preprogrammed instructions. 

Algo-trading is used in many forms of trading and investment activities including:

• Mid- to long-term investors or buy-side firms—pension funds, mutual funds, insurance companies—use algo-trading to purchase stocks in large quantities when they do not want to influence stock prices with discrete, large-volume investments.
• Short-term traders and sell-side participants—market makers (such as brokerage houses), speculators, and arbitrageurs—benefit from automated trade execution; in addition, algo-trading aids in creating sufficient liquidity for sellers in the market.
• Systematic traders—trend followers, hedge funds, or pairs traders (a market-neutral trading strategy that matches a long position with a short position in a pair of highly correlated instruments such as two stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or currencies)—find it much more efficient to program their trading rules and let the program trade automatically.

Algorithmic trading provides a more systematic approach to active trading than methods based on trader intuition or instinct.

Algorithmic Trading Strategies

Any strategy for algorithmic trading requires an identified opportunity that is profitable in terms of improved earnings or cost reduction. The following are common trading strategies used in algo-trading:

Trend-following Strategies

The most common algorithmic trading strategies follow trends in moving averages, channel breakouts, price level movements, and related technical indicators. These are the easiest and simplest strategies to implement through algorithmic trading because these strategies do not involve making any predictions or price forecasts. Trades are initiated based on the occurrence of desirable trends, which are easy and straightforward to implement through algorithms without getting into the complexity of predictive analysis. Using 50- and 200-day moving averages is a popular trend-following strategy.

Arbitrage Opportunities

Buying a dual-listed stock at a lower price in one market and simultaneously selling it at a higher price in another market offers the price differential as risk-free profit or arbitrage. The same operation can be replicated for stocks vs. futures instruments as price differentials do exist from time to time. Implementing an algorithm to identify such price differentials and placing the orders efficiently allows profitable opportunities.

Index Fund Rebalancing

Index funds have defined periods of rebalancing to bring their holdings to par with their respective benchmark indices. This creates profitable opportunities for algorithmic traders, who capitalize on expected trades that offer 20 to 80 basis points profits depending on the number of stocks in the index fund just before index fund rebalancing. Such trades are initiated via algorithmic trading systems for timely execution and the best prices.

Mathematical Model-based Strategies

Proven mathematical models, like the delta-neutral trading strategy, allow trading on a combination of options and the underlying security. (Delta neutral is a portfolio strategy consisting of multiple positions with offsetting positive and negative deltas—a ratio comparing the change in the price of an asset, usually a marketable security, to the corresponding change in the price of its derivative—so that the overall delta of the assets in question totals zero.) 

Trading Range (Mean Reversion)

Mean reversion strategy is based on the concept that the high and low prices of an asset are a temporary phenomenon that revert to their mean value (average value) periodically. Identifying and defining a price range and implementing an algorithm based on it allows trades to be placed automatically when the price of an asset breaks in and out of its defined range.

Volume-weighted Average Price (VWAP)

Volume-weighted average price strategy breaks up a large order and releases dynamically determined smaller chunks of the order to the market using stock-specific historical volume profiles. The aim is to execute the order close to the volume-weighted average price (VWAP).

Time Weighted Average Price (TWAP)

Time-weighted average price strategy breaks up a large order and releases dynamically determined smaller chunks of the order to the market using evenly divided time slots between a start and end time. The aim is to execute the order close to the average price between the start and end times thereby minimizing market impact.

Percentage of Volume (POV)

Until the trade order is fully filled, this algorithm continues sending partial orders according to the defined participation ratio and according to the volume traded in the markets. The related “steps strategy” sends orders at a user-defined percentage of market volumes and increases or decreases this participation rate when the stock price reaches user-defined levels.

Implementation Shortfall

The implementation shortfall strategy aims at minimizing the execution cost of an order by trading off the real-time market, thereby saving on the cost of the order and benefiting from the opportunity cost of delayed execution. The strategy will increase the targeted participation rate when the stock price moves favorably and decrease it when the stock price moves adversely.

Beyond the Usual Trading Algorithms

There are a few special classes of algorithms that attempt to identify “happenings” on the other side. These “sniffing algorithms”—used, for example, by a sell-side market maker—have the built-in intelligence to identify the existence of any algorithms on the buy side of a large order. Such detection through algorithms will help the market maker identify large order opportunities and enable them to benefit by filling the orders at a higher price. This is sometimes identified as high-tech front-running.

Technical Requirements for Algorithmic Trading

Implementing the algorithm using a computer program is the final component of algorithmic trading, accompanied by backtesting (trying out the algorithm on historical periods of past stock-market performance to see if using it would have been profitable). The challenge is to transform the identified strategy into an integrated computerized process that has access to a trading account for placing orders. The following are the requirements for algorithmic trading:

• Computer-programming knowledge to program the required trading strategy, hired programmers, or pre-made trading software.
• Network connectivity and access to trading platforms to place orders.
• Access to market data feeds that will be monitored by the algorithm for opportunities to place orders.
• The ability and infrastructure to backtest the system once it is built before it goes live on real markets.
• Available historical data for backtesting depending on the complexity of rules implemented in the algorithm.

An Example of Algorithmic Trading

Royal Dutch Shell (RDS) is listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX) and London Stock Exchange (LSE).1 We start by building an algorithm to identify arbitrage opportunities. Here are a few interesting observations:

• AEX trades in euros while LSE trades in British pound sterling.1
• Due to the one-hour time difference, AEX opens an hour earlier than LSE followed by both exchanges trading simultaneously for the next few hours and then trading only in LSE during the last hour as AEX closes.

Can we explore the possibility of arbitrage trading on the Royal Dutch Shell stock listed on these two markets in two different currencies?

Requirements:

• A computer program that can read current market prices.
• Price feeds from both LSE and AEX.
• A forex (foreign exchange) rate feed for GBP-EUR.
• Order-placing capability that can route the order to the correct exchange.
• Backtesting capability on historical price feeds.

The computer program should perform the following:

• Read the incoming price feed of RDS stock from both exchanges.
• Using the available foreign exchange rates, convert the price of one currency to the other.
• If there is a large enough price discrepancy (discounting the brokerage costs) leading to a profitable opportunity, then the program should place the buy order on the lower-priced exchange and sell the order on the higher-priced exchange.
• If the orders are executed as desired, the arbitrage profit will follow.

Simple and easy! However, the practice of algorithmic trading is not that simple to maintain and execute. Remember, if one investor can place an algo-generated trade, so can other market participants. Consequently, prices fluctuate in milli- and even microseconds. In the above example, what happens if a buy trade is executed but the sell trade does not because the sell prices change by the time the order hits the market? The trader will be left with an open position making the arbitrage strategy worthless.

There are additional risks and challenges such as system failure risks, network connectivity errors, time-lags between trade orders and execution and, most important of all, imperfect algorithms. The more complex an algorithm, the more stringent backtesting is needed before it is put into action.

Reliance Capital defaults on interest payments on HDFC and Axis term loans

 

Anil Ambani-led Reliance Capital defaulted interest payment on its Rs 690 crore of outstanding borrowings from Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) and Axis Bank 

The amount includes accrued interest up to October 31.

The company informed the exchanges that it failed to pay interest of Rs 4.77 crore to HDFC and Rs 0.71 crore to Axis Bank on October 31 as it was unable to proceed with asset monetisation due to various legal barriers, it said in a regulatory filing on November 27.

Reliance Capital's total indebtedness amounts to Rs 20,077 crore including accrued interest at the end of October 31.

"The company is unable to proceed with asset monetization resulting in delay in debt servicing, due to prohibition on the company to dispose off, alienate, encumber either directly or indirectly or otherwise part with the possession, of any assets except in the ordinary course of business such as payment of salary and statutory dues," the company informed the stock exchanges. This were pursuant to order dated November 20, 2019 passed by the Delhi High Court, and orders dated December 3, 2019 and December 5, 2019 passed by the Mumbai Debt Recovery Tribunal and order dated November 4, 2020 passed by the Bombay High Court.

Reliance Capital took terms loans worth Rs 524 crore from HDFC for 6 months to 7 years at 10.6-13% annual interest. It took term loans of Rs 100.63 crore from Axis Bank for 3-7 years at 8.25% a year.

Read more at:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/reliance-capital-defaults-on-interest-payments-on-hdfc-and-axis-term-loans/articleshow/79495845.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

DO YOU KNOW ABOUT YOUR SECOND HEART IN THE BODY ?

 

*The calf muscle in your legs is your second heart.*

Everyone knows that the heart pumps blood, right? But did you know that your body has a second blood pump? It’s your calf muscles! That’s right, the calf muscles in your legs are your second heart! 

The human body is engineered such that when you walk, the calf muscles pump venous blood back toward your heart.

The veins in your calf act like a reservoir for blood your body does not need in circulation at any given time. These reservoir veins are called _muscle venous sinuses._ When the calf muscle contracts, blood is squeezed out of the veins and pushed up along the venous system. These veins have one-way valves which keep the blood flowing in the correct direction toward the heart, and also prevent gravity from pulling blood back down your legs.

Walking or running enables your foot to  play a major role in the pumping mechanism of the calves. The foot itself also has its own (smaller) venous reservoir. During the first motion of taking a step, as you put weight on your foot, the foot venous reservoir blood is squeezed out and ‘primes’ the calf reservoir. Then, in the later stages of a step, the calf muscle contracts and pumps the blood up the leg, against gravity. The valves keep the blood flowing in the right direction and prevents gravity from pulling the blood right back down.

Thus, when you are immobile for long periods of time (sitting in an airplane, car seat, or chair for hours) your calf muscle is not contracting much and the blood stagnates.

That’s why walking or running is so good for overall blood circulation. It prevents blood pooling and helps prevent potentially dangerous blood clots called _deep vein thrombosis_(DVT).

Another condition called _venous insufficiency, or venous reflux_ can cause blood to pool in your legs due to the failure of the valves to work properly. In this condition, the valves fail to prevent the backflow of blood down your legs. Symptoms of _venous insufficiency_ can include heavy, tired, throbbing, painful legs, ankle swelling, bulging varicose veins, cramps, itching, restless leg, skin discolouration and even skin ulceration. _Venous insufficiency_ is a very common disorder, affecting over 40 million people in the U.S.

In cases when a person is even more immobile, such as laying in a hospital bed, the pooled blood can become stagnant and develop into a blood clot. This is called a _deep vein thrombosis_ (DVT). DVT can cause leg pain and swelling and is dangerous because a blood clot can break off and travel in your blood stream and get lodged in your lungs.

- _By Louis Prevosti, MD

HAPPY GURPURAB

 

HUNGER VIRUS

 

USELESS AND WHITE ELEPHANT OF OUR OWN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IS????

 

Why I am Logging out of All Reliance Businesses- by Binu S Thomas (www.moneylife.in).

 Why I am Logging out of All Reliance Businesses- by Binu S Thomas (www.moneylife.in). 

An Open Letter to Mukesh Ambani, CMD, Reliance Industries

Binu S Thomas
25 November 2020 122   

Dear Mukeshbhai, 

Thirty-five years ago, back in 1985 as a 23-year-old reporter freelancing for an international weekly news magazine, I had the privilege of sitting down with your late father Dhirubhai Ambani for a one-on-one interview. Dressed in immaculate white safari suit and seated on a pristine white sofa in his office in Maker Chambers IV, at Nariman Point in Mumbai, the business legend held forth on a number of issues. Both you and your brother Anil, who handled media relations then and facilitated the powwow, were present in the room, listening intently as your dad spoke. 

The high point of the interview came when I asked Dhirubhai why Reliance, despite whopping profits, was not paying a single rupee as corporate income-tax year-after-year. That query irked him and he, quite literally, pulled his recent stroke-impaired frame to the edge of the sofa to drive home the point that Reliance was the highest tax payer in the country. More customs, excise, sales tax, octroi, he declared, than any other private company. As he saw it, the income-tax Reliance was not paying on account of reinvesting its profits to expand the business was both lawful and did not detract from its massive contribution to the national exchequer. 

I have no doubt that, over the decades, Reliance has contributed lakhs of crores to the nation’s finances. Probably more than any other private company in India’s history. And that is a commendable achievement, one that I applaud.  

But that was not enough to stop me from recently porting out of my Jio mobile connection. It will also not be enough, sadly, to make me rescind my decision to avoid consuming other products or services from Reliance entities, going forward. I will no longer be buying an electrical appliance from Reliance Digital, or grocery items from Reliance Retail or Jiomart or fuelling up at a Reliance Petroleum outlet. I will try my damn best to avoid tuning into any of 71 television channels Reliance controls through Network 18 and accounting, as you claimed in your 2019 Reliance AGM statement, for 800 million viewers or some 95% of the television viewing audience in the country. My Jio Wi-Fi connection, which expires next month, will not be renewed. You see I am simply logging out of all Reliance businesses. 

Any right-thinking citizen, I believe, has to measure a large corporate not just by the usual yardsticks of the value-for-money it gives customers, the employment it provides to lakhs of people, the contribution to the national purse or the social responsibilities it discharges to the community at large. Large businesses, such as Reliance, have a special duty to ensure their market practices are fair and promote long-term consumer and, more importantly, national well-being.  

In recent years, I have been distressed to note the competition-killing 'winner-at-all-costs' approach Reliance has been pursuing. When Jio launched, it announced free voice calls for life making it impossible for the competition, including your brother’s Reliance Communications, which had to incur exorbitant spectrum charges in the early years of the telecom revolution, to survive.   

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) dismissed Bharti Airtel’s 2017 complaint against Jio saying free calls were fine since Jio did not have a dominant position in the industry (conveniently forgetting the predatory pricing was designed to precisely gain dominance which it since has). Soon after CCI initiated an investigation into Airtel and other telcos for allegedly trying to block Jio’s entry! 

Banks that had lent to your competitor telcos were forced to incur massive losses on their loans. This since competitors resorting to predatory pricing was not anticipated by either lenders or borrowers who, rightly, expected the CCI to step in if such an eventuality were to arise. Since most of the affected banks were nationalised ones, the hit ultimately has to be borne by the taxpayer. 

Meanwhile, you got to use a collapsed Reliance Communications’ spectrum for cheap. Then in October 2019, after much of the competition, including international heavyweight Vodafone, had been pretty much decimated, Reliance Jio announced it would now start charging consumers for voice calls. So much for life-time promises! 

More recently, the passage of three controversial farm bills in parliament without discussion or debate have been conveniently timed to aid Reliance’s massive push into retail. The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce Bill helps large private players like Reliance bypass the existing APMC structure and deal directly with farmers.  

Not a bad idea, theoretically speaking, for farmers except that, in practice mega players like Reliance will effectively set the price they get and, over time, narrow their options for getting better prices elsewhere.  

Two other bills, one dealing with promotion of contract farming and another removing stocking limits on many essential items of daily use like cereals, pulses, oils and onions, will also benefit large players like Reliance more than anyone else. 

The entry of Reliance into any business over the years has been almost always accompanied by a sharp reduction in the competition in that business, often facilitated by exceptionally quick and uncannily favourable policy changes. 

Back in your father’s heyday, the story, whether apocryphal or not, was of a seat being permanently booked for Reliance in business class of the Indian Airlines Airbus A300s that used to fly between Delhi and Mumbai, then Bombay. There was only one domestic airline at that time and only limited number of flights unlike today. A call from a friendly Indian Airlines station manager signalling which minister was booked to fly often resulted in the political worthy finding, abracadabra, a senior Reliance executive seated next to him for the nearly 90 minutes flight. No wrong committed even if true. It is well known that innovative policy influencing has long been practised at Reliance. 

The recent decision of a Singapore arbitrator to temporarily stay, based on a petition filed by Amazon, the mega deal of Reliance acquiring India’s largest retail group Future Retail, has mysteriously led to a series of articles against foreign ecommerce players and the big daddy of them all, Amazon, in Reliance-controlled media outlets. “How foreign ecommerce giants pose a threat to Aatmanirbhar Bharat”, “Amazon deliberately mischaracterised Future Retail suit to confuse court: Harish Salve” and “Amazon-Future deal: Tail wagging dog” are some recent headlines in Reliance-controlled and Network 18-owned media property moneycontrol.com, which tell their own story.  

And now, in the midst of the legal battle with Amazon, has come the news that CCI had in quick time approved the Rs24,713 crore Reliance-Future Retail deal.  This overriding an objection filed by the American e-commerce giant to the CCI giving its approval. No concerns apparently of how this super concentration of business power in organised retail will affect the long-term interests of the Indian consumer. That said, I would welcome any step the CCI may take against the growing concentration of retail power by Amazon too.  

Mukeshbhai, I am sure, my one-man decision to avoid all Reliance products and services, in protest at the growing monopolistic nature of your business practices, will not give you any sleepless nights.  

But I do hope and pray that you will, as a smart business tycoon, realise—perhaps in your quietest moments—that the long-term interests of your businesses are tied not just to how big and powerful they become but the price the people  of this still largely poor and developing country have to pay for your vaulting business ambitions.

 

With Kind Regards

 

Binu S Thomas

 

NOTE: Moneylife sent an email to officials of RIL for their views/comment on the open letter. However, till publishing this, we have not heard from them. We will incorporate RIL’s response as and when we receive it.

Also after finding almost all new commets mainly as trolls we have closed comments on this article.

 

(The author is a former Indochina Correspondent and Kuala Lumpur Bureau Chief of Time Inc’s erstwhile Asiaweek magazine.) 

 

AHMED PATEL (RIP) :-THE BLACK BOX OF Smt.SONIA GANDHI

The BLACK BOX of Sonia Gandhi, #AhmedPatel

Why AHMAD PATEL was important for @incindia   

1. Ahmad Patel was right hand of Sonia Gandhi. Everyone work under him except Sonia Gandhi.

2. He was owner of most of the madarsas in India. His family members are VC of Deoband institutions. His cousins run chain of madarsas.

3. He and Farooq Abdullah share family relations. He had links in Kerala. He was gateway of Arab money to India.

4. He controlled entire media chain. He is the one on whose command Vineet Jain thrown Arnab out from Times Now. His people are placed in all the channels.

5. There are fleet of corporate cadres under his influence like Nilekani, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Narayan and many NGO runners.

6. He was the one who backtracked three orders when RAW had got Dawood. From Samjhauta, Ajmer to Mumbai blast, he managed everything from media narrative to Home ministry.

7. He recruited everyone between 2004-2014 from judiciary, secretary to media editors.

8. You can imagine his power that he jailed sitting Home Minister Amit Shah for more than 4 months and his entire state

 intelligence team for 8 years led by DIG Vanzara. He was so powerful that he grilled sitting CM Narendra Modi for 13 hours. He compelled Amit Shah to leave Gujrat.

9. He was the man behind Augusta Westland to Spectrum. He was prime broker. Sonia Gandhi favored Ahmad Patel more than Rahul Gandhi.

10. He openly captured 44 MLA and had wasted crores in resort. Neither media nor law asked him how he could do that.

He is not in power though he had shown his power when he required 45 votes knowing that he would get 44 votes only. He went to EC and EC disqualified 2 votes within hours. Video shows no malpractice and one can check the video. Despite the presence of NDA cabinet ministers Ahmad Patel made sure EC make him winner.

This is equal to winning of a state election. He reduced Congress from 57 to 42 but Congress made sure he wins. He was the lifeline of Sonia Gandhi.

 

MARADONA-THE GREAT

 

PAINFULLY TRUE!!! A MUST READ BY EVERYONE ABOUT JEWS NOW SETTLED IN ISRAEL.

 Subject: PAINFULLY TRUE!!!

Kindly READ it till the Very End. 🏽

In view of the contemporary issues globally, this article is sent to you. The article was written by Spanish writer Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez and published in a Spanish newspaper on Jan. 15, 2008. It doesn't take much imagination to extrapolate the message to the rest of Europe - and possibly to the rest of the world.

REMEMBER AS YOU READ -- IT WAS IN A SPANISH PAPER

Date: Tue. 15 January 2008

*ALL EUROPEAN LIFE DIED IN AUSCHWITZ*

By Sebastian Vilar Rodrigez

I walked down the street in Barcelona , and suddenly discovered a terrible truth - Europe died in Auschwitz ... We killed six million Jews and replaced them with 20 million Muslims. In Auschwitz we burned a culture, thought, creativity, talent. We destroyed the chosen people, truly chosen, because they produced great and wonderful people who changed the world. The contribution of this people is felt in all areas of life: science, art, international trade, and above all,  as the conscience of the world. These are the people we burned.

And under the pretense of tolerance, and because we wanted  to prove to ourselves that we were cured of the disease of racism, we opened our gates to 20 million Muslims, who brought us stupidity and ignorance, religious extremism and lack of tolerance, crime and poverty, due to an unwillingness to work and support their families with pride.

They have blown up our trains and turned our beautiful Spanish cities into the third world, drowning in filth and crime. Shut up in the apartments they receive free from the government, they plan the murder and destruction of their naive hosts. And thus, in our misery, we have exchanged culture for fanatical hatred, creative skill for destructive skill, intelligence for backwardness and superstition.

We have exchanged the pursuit of peace of the Jews of Europe and their talent for a better future for their children, their determined clinging to life because life is holy, for those who pursue death, for people consumed by the desire for death for themselves and others, for our children and theirs. What a terrible mistake made  by miserable Europe. The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000; that is ONE BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION or 20% of the world's population. They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

LITERATURE:

1988 - Najib Mahfooz

Peace:

1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat

1990 - Elias James Corey

1994 - Yaser Arafat:

1999 - Ahmed Zewai

ECONOMICS:

(zero)

PHYSICS:

(zero)

MEDICINE:

1960 - Peter Brian Medawar

1998 - Ferid Mourad

TOTAL: 7 SEVEN

The Global Jewish population is approximately 14,000,000; that is

FOURTEEN MILLION or about 0.02% of the world's population. They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

LITERATURE:

1910 - Paul Heyse

1927 - Henri Bergson

1958 - Boris Pasternak

1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon

1966 - Nelly Sachs

1976 - Saul Bellow

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer

1981 - Elias Canetti

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1991 - Nadine Gordimer  

WORLD PEACE:

1911 - Alfred Fried

1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser

1968 - Rene Cassin

1973 - Henry Kissinger

1978 - Menachem Begin

1986 - Elie Wiesel

1994 - Shimon Peres

1994 - Yitzhak Rabin

PHYSICS:

1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer

1906 - Henri Moissan

1907 - Albert

Abraham Michelson

1908 - Gabriel Lippmann

1910 - Otto Wallach

1915 - Richard Willstaetter

1918 - Fritz Haber

1921 - Albert Einstein

1922 - Niels Bohr

1925 - James Franck

1925 - Gustav Hertz

1943 - Gustav Stern

1943 - George Charles de Hevesy

1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi

1952 - Felix Bloch

1954 - Max Born

1958 - Igor Tamm

1959 - Emilio Segre

1960 - Donald A. Glaser

1961 - Robert Hofstadter

1961 - Melvin Calvin

1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau

1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz

1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman

1965 - Julian Schwinger

1969 - Murray Gell-Mann

1971 - Dennis Gabor

1972 - William Howard Stein

1973 - Brian David Josephson

1975 - Benjamin Mottleson

1976 - Burton Richter

1977 - Ilya Prigogine

1978 - Arno Allan Penzias

1978 - Peter L Kapitza

1979 - Stephen Weinberg

1979 - Sheldon Glashow

1979 - Herbert Charles Brown

1980 - Paul Berg

1980 - Walter Gilbert

1981 - Roald Hoffmann

1982 - Aaron Klug

1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

1985 - Jerome Karle

1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach

1988 - Robert Huber

1988 - Leon Lederman

1988 - Melvin Schwartz

1988 - Jack Steinberger

1989 - Sidney Altman

1990 - Jerome Friedman

1992 - Rudolph Marcus

1995 - Martin Perl

2000 - Alan J. Heeger

ECONOMICS:

1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson

1971 - Simon Kuznets

1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich

1976 - Milton Friedman

1978 - Herbert A. Simon

1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein

1985 - Franco Modigliani

1987 - Robert M. Solow

1990 - Harry Markowitz

1990 - Merton Miller

1992 - Gary Becker

1993 - Robert Fogel

MEDICINE:

1908 - Elie Metchnikoff

1908 - Paul Erlich

1914 - Robert Barany

1922 - Otto Meyerhof

1930 - Karl Landsteiner

1931 - Otto Warburg

1936 – Otto Loewi

1944 - Joseph Erlanger

1944 - Herbert Spencer Gasser

1945 - Ernst Boris Chain

1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller

1950 - Tadeus Reichstein

1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman

1953 - Hans Krebs

1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann

1958 - Joshua Lederberg

1959 - Arthur Kornberg

1964 - Konrad Bloch

1965 - Francois Jacob

1965 - Andre Lwoff

1967 - George Wald

1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg

1969 - Salvador Luria

1970 - Julius Axelrod

1970 - Sir Bernard Katz

1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman

1975 - Howard Martin Temin

1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg

1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow

1978 - Daniel Nathans

1980 - Baruj Benacerraf

1984 - Cesar Milstein

1985 - Michael Stuart Brown

1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein

1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini]

1988 - Gertrude Elion

1989 - Harold Varmus

1991 – Erwin Neher

1991 - Bert Sakmann

1993 - Richard J. Roberts

1993 - Phillip Sharp

1994 - Alfred Gilman

1995 - Edward B. Lewis

1996- Lu RoseIacovino

TOTAL: 129!

The Jews are NOT promoting brain washing children in military training camps, teaching them how to blow themselves up and cause maximum deaths of Jews and other non Muslims. The Jews don't hijack planes, nor kill athletes at the Olympics, or blow themselves up in German restaurants. There is NOT one single Jew who has destroyed a church. There is NOT a single Jew who protests by killing people.

The Jews don't traffic slaves, nor have leaders calling for Jihad and death to all the Infidels. Perhaps the world's Muslims should consider investing more in standard education and less in blaming the Jews for all their problems. Muslims must ask 'what can they do for humankind' before they demand that humankind respects them.

Regardless of your feelings about the crisis between Israel and the Palestinians and Arab neighbors, even if you believe there is more culpability on Israel 's part, the following two sentences really say it all:

"If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more violence. If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no more Israel ." Benjamin Netanyahu

General Eisenhower warned us it is a matter of history that when the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Dwight Eisenhower, found the victims of the death camps he ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead. He did this because he said in words to this effect:

'Get it all on record now - get the films - get the witnesses -

because somewhere down the road of history some bastard will get up and say that this never happened'. 

Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which claims it never occurred. It is not removed as yet. However, this is a frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how easily each country is giving into it.

It is now more than 60 years after the Second World War in Europe ended. This e-mail is being sent as a memorial chain, in memory of the, 6 million Jews, 20 million Russians, 10 million Christians, and 1,900 Catholic priests who were 'murdered, raped, burned, starved, beaten, experimented on and humiliated' while the German people looked the other way.

Now, more than ever, with Iran , among others, claiming the Holocaust to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world never forgets. This e-mail is intended to reach 400 million people. Be a link in the memorial chain and help distribute this around the world.

How many years will it be before the attack on the World Trade Center 'NEVER HAPPENED' because it offends some Muslim in the United States ? 

You have a choice to either delete this message or share it; it will take less than a minute to pass this along so that our world will be a safer place for us and our children and their children !

SECULAR INDIA can learn a thing or two.🏽

Humble tributes to the martyrs and victims of 26/11

 

A NEW MILESTONE FOR SELF RELIANT INDIA (ATMANIRBHAR BHARAT)

 

A New Milestone For Atma Nirbhar Bharat.*

*1999* USA denies GPS services to India in Kargil war.

*2020  India has its own GPS system recognised by IMO and is better than GPS in terms of accuracy.*

*On November 11, India became the fourth country in the world to have its independent regional navigation satellite system recognised by the International Maritime Organisation  as a part of the World Wide Radio Navigation System (WWRNS).*

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) will be India's equivalent to USA 's GPS

*The recognition is only for FOUR countries:*

*BeiDou of China*

*GLONASS of Russia*

*GPS OF USA*

*And now  NavIC of India.*

*It may be recalled, USA had declined crucial access to GPS to India during Kargil war. GPS support would have proved vital for the Indian forces defending the border of the country against Pakistan*. But the US had its own reasons to not extend a helping hand to India.

Some years later in 2009, *Sudden Switching off of GPS services by USA caused failure of BRHMOS missile test.*

The supersonic cruise missile BrahMos missed the target at the Armys range at Pokhran in Rajasthan because its global positioning system (GPS) blanked out.

*The American satellites that run the GPS had been switched off on the day Barack Obama was sworn in the United States President.Americans say it was security reasons, but Indians say GPS could have been selectively deactivated.*

*The missile, therefore, travelled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target.*

*India knew it could not depend upon whims and fancies of USA*

It was then ISRO started building up its own navigation network NavIC

On 2015, ISRO  sent

20 satellites in 26 minutes, which carried 13 US satellites. *This was precursor that India was about reach next threshold.*

*Today india has its own GPS version - IRNSS with the operational name NavIC.*

Its range is all over India and 1500 kms around it. Range is yet to be expanded.  But it's more accurate than GPS.

*NavIC pushes Atmanirbhar Bharat to the next level.*

*Congratulations ISRO*

WELL SAID:-EMMA WATSON

 

DoT mandates 0 prefix for all landline-to-mobile calls, effective 1 Jan livemnt . Updated: 24 Nov 2020, 06:03 PM IST

 

NEW DELHI: The department of telecommunications (DoT) has made it mandatory to prefix 0 for all calls made from fixed lines to mobiles, effective 1 January, accepting the sector regulator’s suggestion.

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India’s (Trai) had in May recommended a '0' prefix for all such calls to create sufficient numbering space for telecom service providers.

"Suitable announcement may be fed in the fixed-line switches to apprise the fixed-line subscribers about the requirement of dialling the prefix 0 for all fixed to mobile calls. This announcement should be played whenever a subscriber dials a fixed to mobile call without prefixing 0," the DoT said in a notification.

The department has also asked telecom operators to furnish details of number series, both mobile and fixed-lines, allotted to them and the utilisation of the series. The details of the number series in each calendar year have to be submitted to the DoT by 15 January of the next year.

In the recommendations made in May, Trai had said a revised and new National Numbering Plan (NNP) should be issued at the earliest, and suggested ways to free up un-utilised capacities to create space for mobiles services.

Trai fines Jio, Airtel, BSNL in Paytm vs telcos phishing case livemnt . Updated: 24 Nov 2020, 10:05 PM IST Tarush Bhalla, Ishita Guha

 

Bengaluru/New Delhi: The telecom regulator has imposed a penalty on Bharti Airtel Ltd, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL), Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd, among others, as they did not respond appropriately to a show-cause notice issued due to failure in block phishing activities on their networks.

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai) has also fined Vodafone Idea Ltd, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) and Tata Teleservices in a case pertaining to One97 Communications Ltd, the parent of fintech company Paytm. In June, One97 had moved the Delhi High Court against telcos, Trai and the Centre for not blocking those who were defrauding its customers by phishing activities over mobile networks.

BSNL has been slapped with the highest fine of ₹30 crore, according to an affidavit filed by the Trai at the Delhi High Court. Mint has reviewed a copy of the affidavit. Almost 60-70% of the fraudulent messages and phishing attempts to customers have been on the BSNL network, according to industry officials.

“As per regulation 27 of Telecom Commercial Communications Customer Preference Regulations (TCCCPR), 2018, the Authority (Trai) may impose financial disincentives on any access provider if it fails to curb Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC) through its network," Trai said in the affidavit filed on Monday.

However, Trai cannot impose penalty on telecom operators without giving them sufficient time to block phishing activities on their networks. While BSNL was issued a show-cause notice twice to comply with the UCC guidelines, other telcos were asked on 1 October. Failure to curb UCC by both BSNL and other telcos attracted the penalty.

The Delhi High Court will hear the case on Wednesday.

In September, technology industry body, Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) along with other digital fintechs including PhonePe and MobiKwik filed a writ intervention appeal at the Delhi High Court to become a party in the One97 versus telcos case.

The intervention appeal, which was placed before the Delhi High Court in the last hearing on 23 September, said fintechs such as PhonePe and MobiKwik were also hurt by phishing activities taking place over various mobile networks.

“Trai is finally implementing the regulation on TCCCPR for violations which have continued in months of April to June. If this was implemented in the first case, the penalties wouldn’t have to be imposed. In the long term, this is good for Indian customers who are annoyed by unsolicited communication from telemarketers," said a senior lawyer, who spoke to Mint on condition of anonymity.

Through these penalties, Trai is giving "a big message" to telcos, the lawyer said.

One97 Communications did not answer to Mint’s queries until press time.

In its first petition in June, Paytm filed a defamation suit of ₹100 crore on telecom operators--Airtel, Reliance Jio, BSNL, MTNL, and Vodafone Idea--for not blocking phishing activities over their networks, leading to financial loss for the fintech company.