by Rahul
Shrivastava Ambassador of India to Venezuela. Joined the
Indian Foreign Service in 1999.
There
was recently a world-wide competition to find out the most overrated country in
the world. The judges had almost decided that no other country but India
deserved this distinction. However, just before the announcement was to be
made, someone brought to the notice of the judges just a few of the
achievements of ancient India, which are given below:
The decimal place-value and a symbol for zero which developed in
India in the 1st Century AD became the precursor of the Arabic numeral system.
The practice of using a decimal mark is derived from the decimal system used in
Indian mathematics.
Rulers for measuring were first used during the Indus Valley
Civilisation (2600 - 1600 BC). These rulers were made from ivory, divided into
units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and were marked out in decimal
subdivisions with accuracy to within 0.005 of an inch.
Weighing scales were first used during the Indus Valley
Civilisation, which is also when banking was first performed.
Fields were first ploughed during the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Jute plants were first cultivated in India. So was Cotton.
Flush toilets using water were first used during the Indus
Valley Civilisation around 3rd millenium BC.
Puppetry was also used first by the people of the Indus Valley
Civilisation.
Cashmere wool or Pashmina fiber originated from Kashmir where
the fiber was first used to make shawls in the 3rd Century BC.
Indigo dye went from India to the Greeks and the Romans and
thereon to other parts of the world.
Ornamental buttons were invented in India around 2000 BC.
Steel using the crucible technique, a method of producing high
quality steel, was first produced in India around 300 BC. Around 500 BC, Wootz
steel was produced by the Chera dynasty. It was exported to the Romans,
Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs and was popularly known as Seric Iron.
Iron works were developed in India around 1800 BC. In the time
of Chandragupta II (375–413 AD), corrosion-resistant iron was used to erect the
Iron pillar of Delhi, which has withstood corrosion for over 1,600 years.
(
Diamonds were first recognized and mined in central India at
least 5000 years ago.
Zinc was first smelted from zinc ore in India.
Prefabricated homes and movable structures were invented in
India in the 16th-century AD.
Metal seamless globe was invented in Kashmir in the 16th Century
AD. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern
metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any
seams, even with modern technology.
The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder rockets were developed
by Tipu Sultan, ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore, and his father
Hyder Ali, in the 1780s. After Tipu's eventual defeat and the capture of the
Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development,
inspiring the Congreve rocket, and were soon put into use in the Napoleonic
Wars.
The word shampoo in English is derived from the Hindi word
‘Champi’ which itself derived is from the Sanskrit root ‘Chapayati’, which
means to press or knead. A variety of herbs and their extracts were used as
shampoos since ancient times in India. Washing of hair and body massage (champu)
was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to
Europe, they introduced the hair treatment method they called shampoo.
The precursor of chess originated in India during the Gupta
dynasty in the 3rd Century AD. The words for ‘chess’ in Old Persian and Arabic
are chatrang and shatranj respectively — terms derived from Chaturanga in
Sanskrit, which means an army of four divisions.
The game of kabaddi originated in India around 1500 BC.
Ludo or Pachisi was invented in India in the 6th Century AD and
so was the game of Snakes & Ladders.
Yoga originated in India.
Indian surgeon Susruta performed cataract surgery as early as
6th century BC. He was also the first to do rhinoplasty surgery.
Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine originated in India in
the first-millennium BC. They are the oldest systems of medicine, which are
practiced even today.
Sugar was invented in India during the Gupta dynasty in the 4th
Century AD. The crystallization process was taken by Buddhist monks to China.
And then the whole world learnt the technique.
The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first
instance of finite difference interpolation in 7th Century AD. He also first
used algebraic abbreviations.
The trigonometric functions sine and versine originated in
Indian astronomy. They were developed in the Siddhantas, astronomical treatises
of the 3rd or 4th centuries AD. Later, the 6th Century astronomer Varahamihira
discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x)
+ cos^2(x) = 1.
Aryabhata first identified the force to explain why objects do
not fall when the earth rotates. Brahmagupta described gravity as an attractive
force and used the term ‘gruhtvaakarshan’ for gravity. Aryabhata developed a
geocentric solar system of gravitation, and an eccentric elliptical model of
the planets, where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical
orbits,the Sun and the moon revolving around the earth in epicycles.
The Hindu cosmological time cycles explained in the Surya
Siddhanta (around 600 AD) give the average length of the sidereal year (the
length of the Earth's revolution around the Sun) as 365.2563627 days, which is
only a negligible 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.256363004
days. This was the most accurate estimate for the length of the sidereal year
anywhere in the world for over a thousand years.
Way back in the 6th century AD, Indian astronomers showed that
comets were celestial bodies that re-appeared periodically. In the 10th century
AD, astronomer Bhattotpala listed the names and estimated periods of certain
comets.
The
person who brought the above to the notice of the judges wanted to present
before them some of India’s recent achievements and the forecast for future.
However, the judges said that they were convinced that India was a misfit at a
competition to determine the most overrated countries in the world. They said
that the only mistake India made was not inventing patenting system and
intellectual property rights 5000 years ago.
The judges said that they were in a hurry to leave for the next
competition called ‘Most Ignorant Person of the Century.’ However, they thanked
the person for making their job easier in selecting the winner of their next
competition, which they said they would definitely present to the person who
posed the question ‘Is India the most overrated country in the world?’
